????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? Windows

????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? 32 ?? ?? Windows. ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? Windows XP? Windows 2000? Windows Server 2003? ???? ??????? Windows Vista ? Windows Server 2008. (??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? 64 ?? ?? Windows Server 2008 R2? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????.)

?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? Windows ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (RAM) ?????? ????????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? kernel ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????.

?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????.

????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? Windows ????? Bruce Sanderson. ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???:

?????? ???????? ???????

??? ????? ???? ???????? (??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????) ???? ???? ??? ??????? 32 ?? ?? Windows ??????? ???????? ?????? (????? ??????? ????????)? ?????? ?? 0 ??? 4294967295 (2 * 32-1 = 4 ???? ????)? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????.

?? ????? Windows ??????????? 2 ???????? (GB) ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 2 ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ????????? (??? ???? ??????? ???????? Word ? Excel ? Acrobat Reader) ??? ?? 2 ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ???.

???? ??????? ?????? (PAE) ?? ???? ???? Intel 32 ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? (RAM) ??? 36 ??. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? (????? ??? ?? 4 ???? ????)? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? Microsoft:??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? 32 ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? 36 ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? (????? 32 ??) ?? ?? ???? ??????? RAM ??????? (????? 36 ??).

???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? Windows ???????? ?????? (??????? ?? ???? 2010):

??? ????? ???????

??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? 2 ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? RAM ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? (????? 4 ???? ????) ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ????. ?? ????? Windows? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? (Pagefile.sys) ?? ??? ???. ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????(???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ????????????).

????? ?? ?????????? ?????? "??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????" ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? RAM ???? ????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? RAM ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????. ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? plentiful? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? (??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? RAM) ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????.

?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????

?? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? (??? ??????????? ???? ?????)? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ??????? critically ????? ????? ??????.

??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ?? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? Windows ?? ???:

• 2 ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? (kernel)
• 2 ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? (??? ????????)
• 660 ???? ???? ????? ??????? PTE (Windows Server 2003 ?????????? ???????)
• 470 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? (Windows Server 2003 ?????????? ???????)
• 256 ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? (Windows Server 2003 ?????????? ???????)

????? ??? ??? Windows Server 2003 ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? Windows XP ????? ??????? Windows 2000. ??? ???? ???? ??????? Windows Vista ? Windows Server 2008 ? Windows 7 ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ????? Kernel (??????? 1 ? 2 ???) ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? kernel ??????? ??? PTEs ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ???? PTEs ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? kernel ?????.

?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????:?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??. ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? Windows NT 4.0 ?? Windows 2000 ???? ???????? ????? Windows Server 2003. ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? Windows Server 2003 ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? kernel ??? ?????? kernel ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????.

?????? ??????? ??????? RAM ???????? ????????

????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? "?????? ??????"? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????:

• ???????? ????????? ????? ????: ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????.
  
  This shows how many bytes were allocated by processes and to which the operating system has committed a RAM page frame or a page slot in the pagefile (or perhaps both). AsCommitted Bytes????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????.
• ?????? ??????? _Total ?????: ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? "???".
  
  ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? 4,096? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? Windows. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? RAM ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? "?????? ?????" ??? ????? ??????? ??????? RAM ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????.
• ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????% ??? ?????????: ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????.
  ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? 100? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???????? ??? volatility ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? 50-075% ?????????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????.
• ???????? ???????/???????: ??? ?????? ??? ?????? misunderstood ??? ??????.
  
  ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? stems ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????? over-commitment ???????.
• ???????? ?????? ???????/???????: ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????.
  
  ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? RAM ??? ?????.
• ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????
  ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????
  ???????? ???? ????? ??????
  ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????
  ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????:
  ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? 2 ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? 4 ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????.
• ??????? ???? ????????: ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????).
  
  ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? (??? ???? ??????? "???????? ????" ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????)? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? RAM ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.

?????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? Microsoft ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???:

• ???????? ? Microsoft Windows? ??????? ???????: ? ???? Microsoft Windows 2003? ???? ??????? Windows XP ? Windows 2000
  (http://www.microsoft.com/MSPress/books/6710.aspx)
• ????? AskPerf: ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????
  (http://blogs.technet.com/askperf/archive/2008/01/25/an-overview-of-troubleshooting-memory-issues.aspx)
• ??????? AskPerf: ????? ???????-x 86 ????? ??????? ????????
  (http://blogs.technet.com/askperf/archive/2007/09/28/memory-management-x86-virtual-address-space.aspx)
• ????? AskPerf: ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????
  (http://blogs.technet.com/askperf/archive/2008/01/25/an-overview-of-troubleshooting-memory-issues.aspx)
• ????? AskPerf: ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????-???????
  (http://blogs.technet.com/askperf/archive/2008/01/29/an-overview-of-troubleshooting-memory-issues-part-two.aspx)
• ??????? AskPerf: ????? ???????-Demystifying 3 ???? ????
  (http://blogs.technet.com/askperf/archive/2007/03/23/memory-management-demystifying-3gb.aspx)
• ????? ????? ??????? ? Microsoft177415
  (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/177415/ )
  : ???? ????? ??????? "???? ?????? ???? ???????" (Poolmon.exe) ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? kernel ????????
• ????? ????? ??????? ? Microsoft294418
  (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/294418/ )
  : ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 32 ?? ? 64 ?? ????????? 64 ?? ?? ???? ??????? Windows XP ? Windows Server 2003
• http://blogs.technet.com/askperf/archive/2008/02/07/ws2008-memory-management-dynamic-kernel-addressing-memory-priorities-and-i-o-handling.aspx
  (http://blogs.technet.com/askperf/archive/2008/02/07/ws2008-memory-management-dynamic-kernel-addressing-memory-priorities-and-i-o-handling.aspx)
• ????? Intel ?????? ????? ?????? (PAE) ?? ???? ??????? Windows 2000
  http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;268363
  (http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;268363)
• ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? Windows Server 2003 ? Windows Server 2000
  http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;283037
  (http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;283037)
• ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? 4 ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????
  http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?kbid=291988
  (http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?kbid=291988)
• ?????? ??? ?????? ??????
  http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/Aa366527.aspx
  (http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/Aa366527.aspx)
• ????? ???? ??????? ??????
  http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/system/platform/server/pae/default.mspx
  (http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/system/platform/server/pae/default.mspx)
• ??? ??????? ?????? ????? Windows
  http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/system/platform/server/PAE/PAEmem.mspx
  (http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/system/platform/server/PAE/PAEmem.mspx)