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ã¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§¡Ãкǹ¡Òà bootstrap ¡Åä¡à·èÒ¹Ñé¹·Õè¾ÃéÍÁãªé§Ò¹ Windows NT (ËÃ×ÍÃкº»¯ÔºÑµÔ¡ÒÃÍ×è¹ã´) 㹡ÒÃà¢éÒ¶Ö§ä´Ã¿ì¤×Í ªØ´¢Í§¿Ñ§¡ìªÑ¹ã¹ BIOS ·ÕèàÃÕ¡¡Ñ¹ÇèÒÍÔ¹ 13 (INT13) ¿Ñ§¡ìªÑ¹ INT13 ͹حҵÃËÑÊÃдѺµèÓà¾×èÍÍèÒ¹¨Ò¡ áÅÐà¢Õ¹ŧã¹ä´Ã¿ì â´Â¡ÒèѴ¡ÒáѺૡàµÍÃì·ÕèÃкØã¹ä´Ã¿ì àÁ×èÍÁվѲ¹Òʶһѵ¡ÃÃÁ INT13 ¡ÅѺ㹠1980s ·Õè¡è͹˹éÒ multi-gigabyte ÎÒÃì´´ÔÊ¡ì·ÕèÍÒ¨à¡Ô´¢Ö鹶١¹ÓÁÒ¾Ô¨ÒóҴéÇÂäÁè ¿Ñ§¡ìªÑ¹ INT13 ¡Ó˹´ 24 ºÔµà¾×èÍ͸ԺÒÂà«¡àµÍÃì·Õ躹ÎÒÃì´´ÔÊ¡ì «Öè§áºè§Å§ä»ä´éÊÙ§ÊØ´ 256 heads (ËÃ×Í´éÒ¹¢éÒ§), 1024 cylinders áÅÐÀÒ¤ 63 ÁÕµÑÇàÅ¢àËÅèÒ¹Õé ÀÒ¤ 256 * 1024 * 63 (ËÃ×Í 16,515,072) à·èÒ¹Ñé¹ÊÒÁÒöãªé¡Ñº¿Ñ§¡ìªÑ¹ INT13 àÇÅÒẺÁҵðҹ 512 亵ìµèÍà«¡àµÍÃì ¹Õè¤×Í亵ì 8,455,716,864 ËÃ×Í»ÃÐÁÒ³ 7.8 ¡Ô¡Ð亵ì â»Ã´ÊѧࡵÇèÒ ÊÓËÃѺä´Ã¿ì modern ÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ BIOS ¢Í§¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃìµéͧʹѺʹعºÒ§ÃٻẺ¢Í§à«¡àµÍÃì¡ÒÃá»ÅÊÓËÃѺ¿Ñ§¡ìªÑ¹ BIOS à¾×èÍà¹é¹¡Ô¡Ð亵ì 7.8 áá¢Í§à¹×éÍ·ÕèÇèÒ§º¹´ÔÊ¡ì The BIOS in virtually all modern computers supports "Logical Block Addressing," which allows INT13 functions to address the first 7.8 GB of drive space independent of the drive's physical geometry.

The INT13 functions are the only means available to the operating system to gain access to the drive and system partition until the operating system loads additional drivers that allow it to gain access to the drive without going through INT13. Therefore, Windows NT 4.0 cannot use a system partition larger than 7.8 GB. In fact, the entire system partition must be entirely within the first 7.8 GB of the physical disk. Windows NT can use a 7.8-GB system partition only if the partition begins at the start of the physical drive.

ËÁÒÂà˵Ø:Partitions other than the system partition are not affected by the these limitations.

Other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2, Microsoft Windows 98, and Microsoft Windows 2000, can boot from larger partitions because these operating systems were written after the computer industry defined a new standard for BIOS INT13 functions (the "INT13 extensions") and implemented this new functionality on manufactured motherboards. Because Windows NT 4.0 was written before this new standard was invented, Windows NT 4.0 is unaware of this new technology and is unable to use its features.

When you are installing Windows NT 4.0, you can create a system partition with a maximum size of 4 GB. This occurs because Setup first formats the partition using the FAT file system. If you want to use an NTFS partition, the partition is converted to NTFS after the first reboot. The FAT file system has a file system limitation (unrelated to any BIOS limitations) of 4 GB. When you perform an unattended installation, use of the ExtendOEMPartition directive in an Unattend.txt file can expand the system partition to a maximum of 7.8 GB.

In the future, additional limitations may come into play as well. Although the NTFS file system can address 16 exabytes of disk space in a single partition, current disk-partitioning schemes store partition information in structures that limit partitions to 2^32 sectors, or 2 terabytes, in size. The ATA hardware interface uses 28-bit addressing, which supports drives that are 2^24 sectors, or 137 GB, in size. These limitations may apply to partitions other than the system partition as well.

Note that file system limitations and hardware limitations exist independently of each other, and the most restrictive of the two is the determining factor in the maximum partition size. Another factor to consider when you are troubleshooting partitioning problems is that hard disk manufacturers often use "decimal megabytes" (1 megabyte = 1,000,000 bytes), whereas Windows NT uses "binary megabytes" (1 megabytes = 1,048,576 bytes). Using both definitions of a megabyte in calculations can often account for "lost" disk space. Also, this article assumes a sector size of 512 bytes in all calculations. Although a 512-byte sector has become a de facto industry standard, it is possible that disk manufacturers could produce drives with a different sector size. This would result in a corresponding change in partition limits. Partitions are based on cylinder, head, and sector calculations, not on byte calculations. Therefore, a change in bytes per sector causes a change in bytes per partition.

For additional information about disk partitioning and limitations, please see the following articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: