Disk performance may be slower than expected when you use multiple disks in Windows Server 2003, in Windows XP, and in Windows 2000

Disk performance may be slower than expected when you use multiple disks in Microsoft Windows Server 2003, in Microsoft Windows XP, and in Microsoft Windows 2000. For example, performance may slow when you use a hardware-based redundant array of independent disks (RAID) or a software-based RAID.

This issue may occur if the starting location of the partition is not aligned with a stripe unit boundary in the disk partition that is created on the RAID.

A volume cluster may be created over a stripe unit boundary instead of next to the stripe unit boundary. This is because Windows uses a factor of 512 bytes to create volume clusters. This behavior causes a misaligned partition. Two disk groups are accessed when a single volume cluster is updated on a misaligned partition.

Windows creates partitions that are based on a predefined number of sectors. The starting location for a disk partition in Windows Server 2003 is either the 32nd or the 64th sector, depending on the information that is presented to the operating system by the mass storage controller.

Note Disk partitions always reserve the first sector of the partition for code and for partition information, such as the number of sectors and the starting sector. The actual data part of the partition starts from the second sector of the partition.

To resolve this issue, use the Diskpart.exe tool to create the disk partition and to specify a starting offset of 2,048 sectors (1 megabyte). A starting offset of 2,048 sectors covers most stripe unit size scenarios.

Note Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 introduced the ability for Diskpart to adjust the partition alignment. If you do not have access to an updated version of Diskpart, diskpar (Notice that there is no final "t" on the name for this utility) is available. For more information, visit following Microsoft Web site:

To verify that an existing partition is aligned, perform the calculation that is described in the "More Information" section.

To align a disk partition on a RAID that has a 2,048-sector offset, follow these steps:

1. At a command prompt, type diskpart, and then press ENTER.
2. Type the following commands at the DISKPART prompt, and then press ENTER:
   • list disk
     
     Note You receive output that resembles the following:

       Disk ###  Status      Size     Free     Dyn  Gpt
       --------  ----------  -------  -------  ---  ---
       Disk 0    Online        37 GB  8033 KB
       Disk 1    Online        17 GB  8033 KB
       Disk 2    Online        17 GB      0 B
       Disk 3    Online        17 GB   148 MB   *
       Disk 4    Online        17 GB     8 MB   *
       Disk 5    Online        17 GB     8 MB   *
       Disk 6    Online        17 GB     8 MB   *
       Disk 7    Online        17 GB     8 MB   *
       Disk 8    Online        17 GB   435 KB   *
       Disk 9    Online        17 GB     8 MB   *
       Disk 10   Online        17 GB  8033 KB
     

     The list disk command provides summary information about each disk that is installed on the computer. The disk that has the asterisk (*) mark has the current focus. Only fixed disks and removable disks are listed. Fixed disks include integrated device electronics [IDE] and SCSI disks. Removable disks include 1394 and USB disks.
   • select disk
     
     Use the select disk command to set the focus to the disk that has the specified Microsoft Windows NT disk number. If you do not specify a disk number, the command displays the current disk that is in focus.
   create partition primary align=1024
   
   Notes
   • When you type this command, you may receive a message that resembles the following:
     DiskPart succeeded in creating the specified partition.
   • The align= number parameter is typically used together with hardware RAID Logical Unit Numbers (LUNs) to improve performance when the logical units are not cylinder aligned. This parameter aligns a primary partition that is not cylinder aligned at the beginning of a disk and then rounds the offset to the closest alignment boundary.
   • number is the number of kilobytes (KB) from the beginning of the disk to the closest alignment boundary. The command fails if the primary partition is not at the beginning of the disk. If you use the command together with the offset =number option, the offset is within the first usable cylinder on the disk.
   
   
   • exit
3. Type exit, and then press ENTER.
4. Click Start, click Run, type diskmgmt.msc, and then click OK.
5. In the Disk Management Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in, locate the newly created partition, and then assign it a drive letter.
6. Use the NTFS file system to format the new partition, and then assign a cluster size.

Note This sample procedure is for a single partition per RAID group.

For more information about multi-partition alignment per RAID group, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

To verify that an existing partition is aligned, divide the size of the stripe unit by the starting offset of the RAID disk group. Use the following syntax:Note Disk sector size and stripe unit size must be in bytes or in kilobytes (KB).

Example of alignment calculations in bytes for a 256-KB stripe unit size:Example of alignment calculations in kilobytes for a 256-KB stripe unit size:These examples shows that the partition is not aligned correctly for a 256-KB stripe unit size until the partition is created by using an offset of 512 sectors (512 bytes per sector).

Note The number of disks in the array group does not affect the partition alignment. The factors that affect partition alignment are stripe unit size and partition starting offset.

To find the starting offset for a given partition, follow these steps:

1. Click Start, click Run, type cmd, and then click OK.
2. Type the following command, and then press Enter:
   wmic partition get BlockSize, StartingOffset, Name, Index
   Note After you run the command, you receive output that resembles the following:

   BlockSize  Index  Name                     StartingOffset
   512          0    Disk #1, Partition #0    32256
   512          0    Disk #2, Partition #0    32256
   512          0    Disk #3, Partition #0    32256 
   512          0    Disk #4, Partition #0    1048576 
   512          0    Disk #0, Partition #0    32256 
   512          1    Disk #0, Partition #1    41126400
   

3. Notice the value of BlockSize and of StartingOffset for each given partition. The Index value that is returned by this command indicates whether a partition is the first partition, the second partition, or other partitions for a given disk drive. For example, a partition index of 0 is the first partition on a given disk.
4. To determine how many disk sectors a given partition starts from the beginning of the disk, divide the value for StartingOffset by the value of BlockSize. In the example in step 2, the following calculation yields the partition starting offset in sectors:
   
   32256 / 512 = 63

For more information about the Diskpart.exe tool, visit the following Microsoft Web site: