How to use the list::back, list::front, list::pop_back, list::pop_front, list::push_back, and list::push_front STL functions in Visual C++

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This article was previously published under Q158086

SUMMARY

The sample code below illustrates how to use the list::back, list::front, list::pop_back, list::pop_front, list::push_back, and list::push_front STL functions in Visual C++.

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MORE INFORMATION

Required header

   <list>

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Prototype

   reference back();
   const_reference back() const;
   reference front();
   const_reference front() const;
   void pop_back();
   void pop_front();
   void push_back(const T& x);
   void push_front(const T& x);

Note The class/parameter names in the prototype may not match the version in the header file. Some have been modified to improve readability.

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Description

The member function back returns a reference to the last element of the controlled sequence. The member function front returns a reference to the first element of the controlled sequence. The member function pop_back removes the last element of the controlled sequence. The member function pop_front removes the first element of the controlled sequence. All the above functions require that the controlled sequence be non-empty.

The member function push_back inserts an element with value x at the end of the controlled sequence. The member function push_front inserts an element with value x at the beginning of the controlled sequence.

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Sample code

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 
// 
// Compile options needed: -GX
// 
// liststck.cpp :  This example shows how to use the various stack
//                 like functions of list.
// 
// Functions:
// 
//    list::back
//    list::front
//    list::pop_back
//    list::pop_front
//    list::push_back
//    list::push_front
// 
// Written by Andrew Bradnan
// Copyright (c) 1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

#include <list>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

#if _MSC_VER > 1020   // if VC++ version is > 4.2
   using namespace std;  // std c++ libs implemented in std
   #endif

typedef list<string, allocator<string> > LISTSTR;

void main()

{

    LISTSTR test;

    test.push_back("back");
    test.push_front("middle");
    test.push_front("front");

    // front
    cout << test.front() << endl;

    // back
    cout << test.back() << endl;

    test.pop_front();
    test.pop_back();

    // middle
    cout << test.front() << endl;

}

The Program Output is: