Let's make sure you have enough room to install Microsoft Edge. Use Disk Cleanup to free up space:
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Select Start  > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Cleanup.
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Choose Drive C, and then select OK.
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Check the items you want to delete. Downloaded Program Files, Temporary Internet Files, Temporary Files, and Recycle Bins are generally safe to delete.
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Select OK.
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Select Delete Files.
After you free up some space, go to http://microsoft.com/edge to download and install Microsoft Edge. If you continue to get Error 12, try uninstalling some programs you don't need to free up more space.