Workbook size is limited only by available memory and system resources. Beginning with Excel 2016, Large Address Aware functionality lets 32-bit Excel consume twice the memory when users work on a 64-bit Windows operating system.

We improved Excel’s memory allocation with Large Address Aware Excel, increased copy/paste speed, undo, conditional formatting, cell editing and selection, scrolling, filtering, file open, and programmability.

Data models in Excel use the in-memory analytics engine to store data in memory. The engine implements powerful compression techniques to reduce storage requirements, shrinking a result set until it is a fraction of its original size.

This message appears when the maximum memory or file size limit for a Data Model is exceeded. In the 32-bit version of Office, the maximum files size for a workbook containing a Data Model is 2 GB, and the maximum memory that can be consumed by a workbook is 4 GB.

See Excel specifications and limits, Data Model specification and limits, and Memory usage in the 32-bit edition of Excel. You're using add-ins with Outlook, Excel, or other Office apps . While 32-bit applications can work with add-ins, they can use up a system's available virtual address space.

Create, edit, and manage connections to external data. Manage queries in Excel (Power Query) Power Query online limits (docs.com)

Newer versions Office 2016. Save your spreadsheet in binary (.xslb) format. You can reduce your file size by saving your spreadsheet as a binary workbook (.xslb) instead of the default format (.xslx). The default format is XML based, which is important if you're using your data with third-party programs because XML is an open standard.

Power Pivot supports files up to 2GB in size and enables you to work with up to 4GB of data in memory. Saving to SharePoint. Workbooks that you modify with Power Pivot can be shared with others in all of the ways that you share other files.

Create a memory-efficient Data Model using Excel and Power Pivot. When to use Calculated Columns and Calculated Fields. Lookups in Power Pivot Formulas. VLOOKUP Functionality in Power Pivot. Version compatibility between Power Pivot Data Models in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013 and Excel 2016. Upgrade Power Pivot Data Models to Excel 2013 or Excel 2016.

You can use the Check Performance feature to find and remove these cells. Select Review > Check Performance. The Workbook Performance pane displays the number of cells used in a workbook and how many of them can be optimized. The Optimize all button will clean up all cells in the workbook.