Symptoms
Azure storage I/O subsystem, on some rare occasions, may not reset the number of bytes transferred for a failed I/O. This results in backup engine making an incorrect assumption of the number of bytes that were successfully written to the storage which causes subsequent backup errors. It is more likely to encounter these errors if the I/Os to Azure Storage are throttled consistently.
Status
Microsoft has confirmed that this is a problem in the Microsoft products that are listed in the "Applies to" section.
Resolution
This issue is fixed in the following cumulative updates for SQL Server:
About cumulative updates for SQL Server:
Each new cumulative update for SQL Server contains all the hotfixes and all the security fixes that were included with the previous cumulative update. Check out the latest cumulative updates for SQL Server:
References
Learn about the terminology that Microsoft uses to describe software updates.