Applies ToWindows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard Windows Server 2012 R2 Essentials Windows Server 2012 R2 Foundation Windows 8.1 Enterprise Windows 8.1 Pro Windows 8.1 Windows RT 8.1

This article describes an issue in which Trusted Platform Module (TPM) lockout occurs unexpectedly in Windows 8.1, Windows RT 8.1, or Windows Server 2012 R2. An update is available to fix this issue. Before you install this update, see the Prerequisites section.Note This update is re-released on October 13, 2015, with a smaller boot loader file bootmgfw.efi.

Symptoms

When this issue occurs, applications that depend on TPM won't function until you reset the TPM lockout. Note You can enter a 48-digit BitLocker recovery key to continue using the computer after TPM is locked out.

Cause

When the start command is received without a prior shutdown command, the lockout count increments. This causes the TPM lockout to occur if you turn on the device accidentally and repeatedly.

How to get this update

Important If you install a language pack after you install this update, you must reinstall this update. Therefore, we recommend that you install any language packs that you need before you install this update. For more information, see Add language packs to Windows.

Method 1: Windows Update

This update is provided as an Optional update on Windows Update. For more information about how to run Windows Update, see How to get an update through Windows Update.

Method 2: Microsoft Download Center

The following files are available for download from the Microsoft Download Center:

Operating system

Update

All supported x86-based versions of Windows 8.1

Download Download the package now.

All supported x64-based versions of Windows 8.1

Download Download the package now.

All supported x64-based versions of Windows Server 2012 R2

Download Download the package now.

Note The update for Windows RT 8.1 can be got only from Windows Update. For more information about how to download Microsoft support files, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

119591 How to get Microsoft support files from online services Microsoft scanned this file for viruses. Microsoft used the most current virus-detection software that was available on the date that the file was posted. The file is stored on security-enhanced servers that help prevent any unauthorized changes to the file.

Update detail information

Prerequisites

To install this update, install April 2014, update rollup for Windows RT 8.1, Windows 8.1, and Windows Server 2012 R2 (2919355) in Windows 8.1 or Windows Server 2012 R2.

Registry information

To apply this update, you don't have to make any changes to the registry.

Restart requirement

You may have to restart the computer after you apply this update.

Update replacement information

This update doesn't replace a previously released update.

The global version of this update installs files that have the attributes that are listed in the following tables. The dates and the times for these files are listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The dates and the times for these files on your local computer are displayed in your local time together with your current daylight saving time (DST) bias. Additionally, the dates and the times may change when you perform certain operations on the files.

Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 file information and notes

  • The files that apply to a specific product, milestone (RTM, SPn), and service branch (LDR, GDR) can be identified by examining the file version numbers as shown in the following table:

    Version

    Product

    Milestone

    Service branch

    6.3.960 0.17 xxx

    Windows RT 8.1, Windows 8.1, and Windows Server 2012 R2

    RTM

    GDR

    6.3.960 0.18 xxx

    Windows RT 8.1, Windows 8.1, and Windows Server 2012 R2

    RTM

    GDR

  • GDR service branches contain only those fixes that are widely released to address widespread, critical issues. LDR service branches contain hotfixes in addition to widely released fixes.

  • The MANIFEST files (.manifest) and the MUM files (.mum) that are installed for each environment are listed separately in the "Additional file information" section. MUM, MANIFEST, and the associated security catalog (.cat) files, are very important to maintain the state of the updated components. The security catalog files, for which the attributes aren't listed, are signed with a Microsoft digital signature.

For all supported x86-based versions of Windows 8.1

File name

File version

File size

Date

Time

Platform

Winresume.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,269,072

06-Aug-2015

18:23

Not applicable

Winresume.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,168,920

06-Aug-2015

18:23

x86

Winload.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,388,936

06-Aug-2015

18:23

Not applicable

Winload.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,277,888

06-Aug-2015

18:23

x86

Wdsmgfw.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,255,752

06-Aug-2015

18:40

Not applicable

Bootmgfw.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,357,128

06-Aug-2015

18:24

Not applicable

Bootmgr.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,352,536

06-Aug-2015

18:24

Not applicable

Memtest.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,287,000

06-Aug-2015

18:24

Not applicable

Memtest.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,193,288

06-Aug-2015

18:24

x86

Winload.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,388,936

06-Aug-2015

18:23

Not applicable

Winload.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,277,888

06-Aug-2015

18:23

x86

Winresume.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,269,072

06-Aug-2015

18:23

Not applicable

Winresume.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,168,920

06-Aug-2015

18:23

x86

For all supported x64-based versions of Windows 8.1 or Windows Server 2012 R2

File name

File version

File size

Date

Time

Platform

Hvax64.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,381,704

06-Aug-2015

19:16

x64

Hvix64.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,424,712

06-Aug-2015

19:16

x64

Hvloader.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,392,968

06-Aug-2015

19:16

Not applicable

Hvloader.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,265,992

06-Aug-2015

19:16

x64

Hvservice.sys

6.3.9600.17826

68,952

12-May-2015

00:24

x64

Kdhvcom.dll

6.3.9600.17826

19,800

12-May-2015

00:24

x64

Winresume.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,487,008

06-Aug-2015

19:15

Not applicable

Winresume.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,355,848

06-Aug-2015

19:15

x64

Winload.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,658,544

06-Aug-2015

19:15

Not applicable

Winload.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,519,592

06-Aug-2015

19:15

x64

Wdsmgfw.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,471,816

06-Aug-2015

20:37

Not applicable

Bootmgfw.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,619,800

06-Aug-2015

19:16

Not applicable

Bootmgr.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,617,736

06-Aug-2015

19:16

Not applicable

Memtest.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,500,488

06-Aug-2015

19:16

Not applicable

Winload.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,658,544

06-Aug-2015

19:15

Not applicable

Winload.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,519,592

06-Aug-2015

19:15

x64

Winresume.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,487,008

06-Aug-2015

19:15

Not applicable

Winresume.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,355,848

06-Aug-2015

19:15

x64

Bootmgfw.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,619,800

06-Aug-2015

19:16

Not applicable

Wdsmgfw.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,471,816

06-Aug-2015

20:37

Not applicable

Memtest.exe

6.3.9600.18006

1,193,288

06-Aug-2015

18:24

x86

Abortpxe.com

Not applicable

79

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Bootmgr.exe

6.3.9600.18006

657,736

06-Aug-2015

18:24

x86

Hdlscom1.com

Not applicable

25,662

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Hdlscom1.n12

Not applicable

25,646

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Hdlscom2.com

Not applicable

25,662

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Hdlscom2.n12

Not applicable

25,646

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Pxeboot.com

Not applicable

25,358

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Pxeboot.n12

Not applicable

25,358

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Wdsnbp.com

Not applicable

30,832

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Abortpxe.com

Not applicable

79

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Bootmgfw.efi

6.3.9600.18006

1,357,128

06-Aug-2015

18:24

Not applicable

Bootmgr.exe

6.3.9600.18006

657,736

06-Aug-2015

18:24

x86

Hdlscom1.com

Not applicable

25,662

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Hdlscom1.n12

Not applicable

25,646

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Hdlscom2.com

Not applicable

25,662

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Hdlscom2.n12

Not applicable

25,646

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Pxeboot.com

Not applicable

25,358

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Pxeboot.n12

Not applicable

25,358

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

Wdsnbp.com

Not applicable

30,832

18-Jun-2013

12:18

Not applicable

For all supported Windows RT 8.1

File name

File version

File size

Date

Time

Platform

Winload.efi

6.3.9600.18006

780,408

06-Aug-2015

17:23

Not applicable

Wdsmgfw.efi

6.3.9600.18006

659,816

06-Aug-2015

17:34

Not applicable

Bootmgfw.efi

6.3.9600.18006

770,384

06-Aug-2015

17:25

Not applicable

Bootmgr.efi

6.3.9600.18006

766,312

06-Aug-2015

17:25

Not applicable

Winload.efi

6.3.9600.18006

780,408

06-Aug-2015

17:23

Not applicable

Additional file information

Additional file information for Windows 8.1 and for Windows Server 2012 R2

Additional files for all supported x86-based versions of Windows 8.1

File property

Value

File name

X86_2d9269bddeea896bc6747acd6360c4f9_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_e75c54fae058bac6.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

712

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_510ee3d21c7511e4f84b6603257f44c3_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_42cd5991d8a162c7.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

718

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_b6dd04b7652a24eb241caca0e9e048db_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_c4dea897a0f019f2.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

725

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_d88e9048075b92f769a7393d6bf605b2_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_c9addd1b59bc2263.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

724

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_e267487a8de0f0795f7e83fa3ec9b695_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_9a6e3d9e2b3f1a98.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

713

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_f0c3a5c39856db79a1a233a1a0df42e7_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_9e0e44d31b947eb4.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

711

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_microsoft-windows-b..environment-windows_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_fe30a863a821c24a.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

4,291

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

18:34

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_microsoft-windows-b..ment-windows-minwin_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_e4e3b7941755b2c1.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

2,996

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

18:34

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_microsoft-windows-b..nvironment-pxe-base_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_b38fa446999175b0.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

2,962

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

18:55

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_microsoft-windows-b..ore-bootmanager-efi_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_1c78fa10b7b6ff49.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

4,077

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

18:34

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_microsoft-windows-b..re-memorydiagnostic_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_6d2d5fa31ff47eef.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

4,102

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

18:34

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_microsoft-windows-b..vironment-os-loader_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_f01ecb6b87fe0479.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

5,804

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

18:34

Platform

Not applicable

Additional files for all supported x64-based versions of Windows 8.1 and of Windows Server 2012 R2

File property

Value

File name

Amd64_0e00e0e47a055c32af6249ff543ace5f_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_6f68c9ee519c8f4f.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

1,112

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_28e3476b874c532fc4ef237249d12cd7_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_52b6b7b01f7af755.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

728

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_3e1f38ac7be00da8b38af30fed1d0bb2_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_ba874362bd717638.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

716

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_7eed661f949d7b2431e602db89b59ec6_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_b7c84798e354f3bd.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

729

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_8130f5eed007faaf6cfb1b886e0dd864_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_d4c6e560e565823f.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

1,100

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_869365663bd7b134374159ae996e42c2_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_c62ccbb97a8bf80c.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

717

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_a8597e4771299a3a262f6da55b2a7247_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_e5eaac7583cbccb1.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

715

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_b1af5a9e4c270c1552f0619ebae6c005_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_a2b824bb17d4054b.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

1,092

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_c3e7c0c448982f3732e9628addc155f0_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_2eef175bead91b21.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

710

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_c89cd1762e5916592ac9dad9a7b22095_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_2d4b0a5f6998825a.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

722

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_eede01337c23fa6f8327121192eb79a5_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_12a08d57934f2899.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

729

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_f54f2207996fb0f1f780dcea00d22651_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_62c1c632f112942d.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

734

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_f5b1538b52c727568d2752d1f8df98bd_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_7abbc28991cf41b7.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

726

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_microsoft-hyper-v-drivers-hypervisor_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_2168001e3939dd1e.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

6,493

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:51

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_microsoft-windows-b..environment-windows_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_5a4f43e7607f3380.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

4,297

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

20:36

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_microsoft-windows-b..ment-windows-minwin_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_41025317cfb323f7.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

3,000

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

20:36

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_microsoft-windows-b..nvironment-pxe-base_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_0fae3fca51eee6e6.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

2,966

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

20:53

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_microsoft-windows-b..ore-bootmanager-efi_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_789795947014707f.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

4,083

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

20:36

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_microsoft-windows-b..re-memorydiagnostic_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_c94bfb26d851f025.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

3,352

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

20:36

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_microsoft-windows-b..vironment-os-loader_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_4c3d66ef405b75af.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

5,810

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

20:36

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_microsoft-windows-d..files-x64-minkernel_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_fca26b131fedbb85.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

3,746

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

20:36

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_microsoft-windows-d..ices-boot-files-x64_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_ad3e1ca591f98423.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

3,690

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

20:53

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Amd64_microsoft-windows-d..ices-boot-files-x86_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_ad3fefa991f7ea13.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

2,463

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

20:52

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Wow64_microsoft-windows-b..re-memorydiagnostic_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_d3a0a5790cb2b220.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

3,351

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

18:33

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_microsoft-windows-d..files-x64-minkernel_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_a083cf8f67904a4f.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

9,946

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

18:34

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_microsoft-windows-d..files-x86-minkernel_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_98c45fc97adab83f.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

10,723

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

18:34

Platform

Not applicable

File name

X86_microsoft-windows-d..ices-boot-files-x64_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_511f8121d99c12ed.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

2,447

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

18:54

Platform

Not applicable

Additional files for all supported Windows RT 8.1

File property

Value

File name

Arm_3216cdd574c02ae29176bcb152a40772_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_000f613e74ad6a65.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

718

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Arm_429874a760739a19345ceb116d565e07_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_00046742517fc288.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

713

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Arm_4542dd65040b23985f497828c43dde37_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_a54b59e14ec50ea0.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

724

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Arm_655cb0b7a0eaf88dda4d21aa3e93bf72_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_0a20d08e7506d998.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

712

Date (UTC)

07-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

07:42

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Arm_microsoft-windows-b..ment-windows-minwin_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_e4e629ec1752d187.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

2,228

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

17:32

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Arm_microsoft-windows-b..nvironment-pxe-base_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_b392169e998e9476.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

2,962

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

17:44

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Arm_microsoft-windows-b..ore-bootmanager-efi_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_1c7b6c68b7b41e0f.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

4,077

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

17:32

Platform

Not applicable

File name

Arm_microsoft-windows-b..vironment-os-loader_31bf3856ad364e35_6.3.9600.18006_none_f0213dc387fb233f.manifest

File version

Not applicable

File size

3,539

Date (UTC)

06-Aug-2015

Time (UTC)

17:32

Platform

Not applicable

Status

Microsoft has confirmed that this is a problem in the Microsoft products that are listed in the "Applies to" section.

References

See the terminology that Microsoft uses to describe software updates.

More Information

Known issues about this updateSome Windows 8.1-based computers that installed the first version of this update may experience Secure Boot failures. Microsoft is aware of the issue and has re-released this update to fix this problem.Affected devices that are known to Microsoft:

  • The Dell Venue line (Dell Venue 8, Dell Venue 10, Dell Venue 11 are known to be affected).

  • Other AMI BIOS-based systems, including the Linx 7 inch tablet.

       The firmware in these devices can't handle a larger code signing signature that was applied to the boot loader file bootmgfw.efi.

SymptomsDevices experience boot failures after you install this update.The firmware on these devices produces an error message that looks something like:

Secure Boot ViolationInvalid signature detected. Check Secure Boot Policy in Setup. 

WorkaroundTo work around this problem, use the following methods:

  • Turn off Secure Boot temporarily, and enter the BitLocker recovery key during startup.

  • Install the re-release of this update.

  • Re-enable Secure Boot.

The third-party products that this article discusses are manufactured by companies that are independent of Microsoft. Microsoft makes no warranty, implied or otherwise, about the performance or reliability of these products.

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